Content References
- Key Idea 4: Natural Isotopic Variability, Page 4: Coplen, Tyler B.;Holden, Norman E. Atomic Weights: No Longer Constants of Nature. Chemistry International. March-April 2011, 33. http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/33 02/2_coplen.html (accessed July 23, 2012).
Definitions: Adapted from:
- IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Doi:10.1351/goldbook .
- Mahaffy, P. G.; Bucat, B.; Tasker, R.; Kotz, J. C.; Treichel, P. M.; Weaver, G. C.; McMurry, J. Chemistry: Human Activity, Chemical Reactivity, 1st Canadian Edition; Nelson, 2011.
Except for:
- Deep time definition: “Deep Time.” Oxford Dictionaries. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ us/deep_time (accessed June 14, 2012).
- Stable isotope definition: Holden, Norman E.; Tyler B. Coplen. “The Periodic Table of Isotopes for the Education Community.” DivCHED CCCE: Committee on Computers in Chemical Education. June 2012. Http://www.ccce.divched.org/spring2012conf chemp6 (accessed June 14, 2012).
- Radioactive isotope definition: Holden, Norman E.; Tyler B. Coplen. “The Periodic Table of Isotopes for the Education Community.” DivCHED CCCE: Committee on Computers in Chemical Education. June 2012. Http://www.ccce.divched.org/spring2012conf chemp6 (accessed June 14, 2012).
Image Credits: Sources for images are as follows:
Introduction
- Ice core extraction: From the British Antarctic Survey.
- Heavy and light ice: By Theo Keeler.
Key Idea 1: Atomic Structure
- Windmills: By ntitanium - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/609048.
- Medicine: By Leonardini - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1238929.
- Clouds: By fsstudio - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1425668.
Key Idea 2: Defining Isotopes
- Clouds: By saavem - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1235086.
- Mass Spectrometer: Mass Spectrometer schematic diagram accessed 22 July 2014 at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mass _Spectrometer_Schematic.svg
Key Idea 3: Percent Abundance of Isotopes and Atomic Weight
- Bamboo with water droplets: By Skippy3E - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1377707.
- Heavy and light ice: By Theo Keeler.
Key Idea 4: Natural Isotopic Variability
- Ötzi: Copyright of South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology - www.iceman.it.
Key Idea 5: Isotopes and Climate
- Ice core montage: Copyright of Reto Stockli, NASA GSFC; accessed at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/ Paleoclimatology_IceCores/.
- Forest: By Agrid - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/860528.
- Industry: By CMSeter - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/898100.
- Iceberg: By lyeager - http://www.sxc.hu/photo/835129.